Foreword

Chapter 1: Contents of this Manual

Chapter 2: History and Goal of the Project

2.1. History

2.2. Goal

Chapter 3: StressTyp Sources and Limitations

3.1. Sources

3.2. Limitations

Chapter 4: Description of the Record Fields

4.0 Introduction/general remarks

4.1 Language information

4.2 STRESS TYPE

4.2.1. List of items/abbreviations and connectives

4.2.2. Guidelines and exemplification of codes

4.2.2.1. Single abbreviations

4.2.2.2. Usage of the connective "/"

4.2.2.5. Usage of the connective "%"

The percentage mark is used to identify what we call 'broken-window' systems (see also chapter 5, section 5.3.1.). These are quantity-sensitive systems that show a shift outside the two-syllable window of main stress in case both syllables inside the window are light. The syllable position to which main stress has been moved is identified and preceded by the percentage mark:

P%A/P    main stress is on first heavy (=penultimate) syllable in (right edge) domain; otherwise, i.e. if (l l), there is a shift to the antepenultimate 
                syllable, under the condition that this syllable is heavy; otherwise, i.e. the antepenultimate syllable is not heavy, main stress is on first
                syllable in domain (=penultimate).

 *           *       *<--

[h h]#   l [l l]#   h [l l]#               cf. Maithili

U%A   main stress is on last heavy syllable in domain; otherwise, i.e. if two light syllables, main stress is shifted to the antepenultimate position, irrespective of the make-up of this syllable

   *      *<--      *<--

If NMS is used, without any further specification, the record fields on main stress contain hyphens, indicating that these fields are irrelevant. The relevant information is stored in the record fields on rhythm.

However, in X(NMS) cases, the record fields of the formal analysis are filled as if there were a distinction between main stress and rhythm. We suspect that in most systems requiring NMS a distinction between main stress and secondary stress can nevertheless be made. The fact that a certain syllable is always stressed may point in this direction.

4.2.2.6.2. CNT

CNT is always used between parentheses and preceded by either L or F. It is used to identify what we call 'count systems' (cf. Van der Hulst 1992). In these systems the position of main stress depends on counting syllables in terms of feet, which, in most cases, leads to a difference in the position of main stress between odd-numbered words and even-numbered words. These systems are analyzed as unbounded systems because the whole word is relevant for the computation of main stress. Therefore, we use L or F. See also chapter 5, section 5.1.3.

L(CNT) last foot in word carries main stress, i.e. stress is found at the right edge of the word

cf. Cayuga

F(CNT) first foot in word carries main stress, i.e. stress is found at the left edge of the word

cf. MalakMalak

Notice, that last/first must not be interpreted as last/first assigned foot. It is always the last assigned foot which carries main stress. Last/first identifies at which edge main stress is located, as in the unbounded systems described in section 4.2.2.2.

L/LEX

main stress is on the last heavy syllable; if there are no heavy syllables, i.e. only light syllables, main stress is unpredictable and can be found anywhere in the word. In those cases, stress has to be specified in the lexicon by means of a diacritic accent.

cf. Mountain Cheremis

4.2.2.6.4. IRR

IRR is used if main stress varies unpredictably in a bisyllabic domain in a word. They are bounded. Often, there is one (or more) identifiable pattern(s). Exceptions, however, cannot be captured by specifying a specific position. Therefore, the use of IRR is additional information, often added between parentheses or preceded by the connective semicolon (indicating free variation, see section 4.2.2.3).

Consider as an example Sangil, in which the dominant pattern can be described by P/P. There are exceptions to this pattern in both ways, i.e. a final light or heavy syllable can receive main stress, or, if both syllables are unequal in weight, the light syllable can catch main stress instead of the heavy one. Its code will be P/P;IRR. This code expresses the fact that there are exceptions which cannot be specified more precisely.

Now consider Dutch. Part of the Dutch stress system is that words ending in three light syllables have either stress on the antepenultimate syllable or on the penultimate syllable, the latter being dominant: pįgina / pyjįma. Stress on the final syllable is truly exceptional. Although the stress system of Dutch is more complicated, this part of the system could be captured by the code: P;A (IRR). The use of the semicolon says that there is variation between P and A, with P as dominant pattern. The addition of IRR implies that the second position is regarded as exceptional.

We are aware of the somewhat vague use of IRR in general, although its interpretation in specific cases will be clear.

4.2.2.6.5. Pitch and tone

Pitch and Tone are used incidentally and sometimes between parentheses to indicate that there is an interaction between pitch or tone assignment and metrical structure. 'Pitch' or 'tone' are added if these terms are used as such in the record field quote which is based upon a theoretical or descriptive source. Specifics about interaction between pitch/tone and metrical structure assignment are provided in the record fields stress repair and remarks.

stress type: pitch                 stress type: L/- (CNT: tone)

cf. Chocktaw                            cf. Seneca

4.2.3 Stress type information continued

SOURCE QUOTATION 

A quotation that describes the stress pattern of the language in words (not necessarily literally quoted from the literature) with reference (author, year and page numbers).

EXAMPLES

Examples that illustrate the various stress patterns in the language. Examples are glossed and represented with IPA phonetic symbols in the LaserIPA TM version (see Appendix E). Sounds for which this IPA set gives no symbol may be represented by any standard typographic symbol not otherwise used in the description.

DESCRIPTIVE SOURCE 

Complete reference to authors that have done field work on the language. If a reference is preceded by an asterisk, the source has been consulted by us.

THEORETICAL SOURCE 

Reference to authors that have analyzed the stress pattern in a certain framework. Only author and year are given. Complete references are provided in a library file (StressBib). If no analysis exists but a name is given anyhow, address and E-mail address of the person who is responsible for the information of the language entry can be found in the address file (StressAdr). The information provided by this person is translated by us into the database framework. If no names are given at all, StressTyp is responsible for incorporating the information on the basis of a descriptive source.

4.3 Formal analysis

4.3.1 General remarks

In this database we have made a distinction between main stress and rhythm.

4.3.2 Main stress

The (main) stress domain contains exactly two syllables, irrespective of their weight in case of a bounded system, and it comprises the entire word in case of an unbounded system. If extrametricality occurs, the stress domain is shifted one syllable inside the word.

There are seven record fields for information on main stress. On the basis of these seven fields on main stress, the stress type code of the language is determined (see section 4.2. above).

STRESS DOMAIN

L          domain is bounded and located at the left (L) edge of the word

cf. Djirbal, Capanahua

R         domain is bounded and located at the right (R) edge of the word

cf. Polish, Yapese

U         domain is unbounded (U), i.e. the entire word (modulo extrametricality)

cf. Chuvash, Khalka Mongolian

-           domain is irrelevant, i.e. there is no distinction between prima­ry/non-pri­mary

stresses

cf. Central Siberian Yupik (but see also Gidabal: I (NMS), cf. section 4.2.2.6.1)

STRESS EXTRAMETRICALITY

L          extrametricality occurs on the left (L) edge of the word

cf. Iliaura/Alyawara, Western Aranda

R         extrametricality occurs on the right (R) edge of the word

cf. Macedonian, Chamorro

N         extrametricality is not (N) involved

STRESS EXTRAMETRICAL UNIT

seg      segment is extrametrical

cf. Alyawara (vowel)

mora    mora is extrametrical

cf. Hindi

syll       syllable is extrametrical

cf. Chamorro, Macedonian

foot      foot is extrametrical

cf. Unami

STRESS WEIGHT

Y          the position of main stress is determined on the basis of syllable-quantity, syllable-prominence, rhythmically strong positions or diacritically marked syllables, i.e. weight is Yes (Y)

cf. Capanahua (syllable weight): quantity-sensitive system

cf. Pirahć (syllable-prominence): prominence system

cf. MalakMalak (rhythmically strong positions): count system

cf. Russian (diacritically marked syllables): lexical accent system

N         the position of main stress is determined without reference to syllable-quantity,

syllable-prominence, or rhythmically strong positions, i.e. main stress

assignment is quantity-insensitive: weight is No (N)      

cf. Garawa, Cavinena

Specific information about what counts as heavy in a system is stored in the record field heavy for stress.

STRESS HEAVY SYLLABLE

L          stress is located on the leftmost (L) heavy syllable in domain

cf. Southeastern Tepehuan, Aklan (bounded)

cf. Khalka Mongolian, Komi-Permyak (unbounded)

R         stress is located on the rightmost (R) heavy syllable in domain  

cf. Capanahua, Jicaque (bounded)

cf. Chuvash, Golin (unbounded)

-           system is quantity-insensitive

cf. Araucanian, Garawa

L          in unbounded domain, stress is on first syllable, i.e. located at left (L) edge of word

cf. Khalka Mongolian, Chuvash

R         in unbounded domain, stress is on last syllable, i.e. located at right (R) edge of word

cf. Golin, Komi-Permyak

STRESS REPAIR

Y         there is a shift outside the two-syllable stress window, if both syllables inside the window are light

cf. Manam, Maithili

N         no repair, stress falls always inside the two-syllable window

cf. Maranunggu

In chapter 5, section 5.3., we refer to systems in which there is a shift outside the two-syllable window, as 'broken-window' systems.  The stress code of this type of system contains the connective %. Information about the specific conditions under which (main) stress shift occurs, can be found in the record field Repair.

RHYTHM

Y          there is a distinction between main stress and non-primary stress (Yes)

cf. Garawa, Maranunggu, Seri

N         only main stress is present, i.e. there are no non-primary stresses (No)

RHYTHM DIRECTION

L          rhythm, i.e. non-primary stress assignment, starts at the left (L) edge of the word

cf. Maranunggu

R         rhythm, i.e. non-primary stress asignment, starts at the right (R) edge of the word

cf. Garawa, Warao

E         rhythm is bi-directional and echoes away from both edges (E) ("edge-in") of the word

cf. Auca

C         rhythm is bi-directional and echoes away from main stress in both directions towards the edges (C=Centrifugal)

cf. no example in StressTyp

RHYTHM EXTRAMETRICALITY

L         extrametricality occurs on the left (L) edge of the word

cf. Iliaura, Western Aranda

R         extrametricality occurs on the right (R) edge of the word

cf. Macedonian, Chamorro

N         extrametricality is not (N) involved

cf. Yapese, Capanahua

syll      syllable is extrametrical

cf. Palestinian Arabic

RHYTHM WEIGHT

Y          the position of non-primary stress is determined on the basis of syllable-quantity, i.e. weight is Yes (Y)

cf.  Palestinian Arabic, Aklan, Seri

N         the position of non-primary stress is determined without reference to syllable

-quantity, i.e. the system is quantity-insensitive, weight is No (N)      

cf. Weri, Capanahua

Specific information about what counts as heavy in the system is stored in the record field heavy for rhythm.

RHYTHM TYPE

tr         the general rhythmic pattern is trochaic, i.e. regular alternation of a stressed and an unstressed syllable, i.e. a sequence of (* .)

cf. Maranunggu, Garawa

ia         the general rhythmic pattern is iambic, i.e. regular alternation of an unstressed and a stressed syllable, i.e. a sequence of (. *)

cf. Aklan, Cayuga

bo        both (bo) "iambs" and "trochees" are found

cf. no example in StressTyp

-           no regular alternation of non-primary stresses

cf. Gidabal in which only long vowels are stressed

The regular alternating pattern can be disturbed by weight. In some quantity-sensitive cases, it is crucial that trochaic is interpreted as a moraic trochee, i.e. either a sequence of two light syllables ( l l) or one heavy syllable (h) (cf. Hayes 1995); this is specified in the record field remarks, cf. Cahuila, Cairene Arabic. In all other cases, the trochee may be taken to be unbalanced (i.e. just avoiding (lh) and (hh)).

N         the rhythmic pattern does not need repair.

cf. Maranunggu

This field is specified as Yes, for instance in cases in which rhythm is both ternary and quantity-sensitive; in this case, a situation could arise where syllables are skipped or left over in parsing. In some cases these unparsed syllables are supplied with structure or incorporated. Specific information about the conditions of repair is stored in the record field Repair (see also chapter 5, section 5.4).

RHYTHM ITERATIVE

Y            there is more than one non‑primary stress; rhythm is assigned iteratively (Yes)

cf. Maranunggu, Garawa

N            there is only one non-primary stress; rhythm is assigned non-iteratively

(No).

cf. Jabulajabula, Nengone

RHYTHM TERNARY

N         the rhythmic pattern is binary, not ternary (No)

cf. Aklan, Maranunggu, Capanahua

ia         the rhythmic pattern is ternary; the rhythmic foot comprises a complex head

of two syllables and a non-head of one syllable. the relation between the two

syllables within the complex head is iambic; the relation between complex head

and non-head is specified in the field Rhythm Type

cf.                                       Rhythm Type             Rhythm Ternary

Chugach                             ([. *]. )  trochaic           iambic    (=amphibrachus)

No ex. in StressTyp            (.[.  *])  iambic              iambic   (=anapest)

tr          the rhythmic pattern is ternary; the rhythmic foot comprises a complex head

of two syllables and a non-head of one syllable. the relation between the two

syllables within the complex head is trochaic; the relation between complex

head and non-head is specified in the field Rhythm Type

cf.                                              Rhythm Type            Rhythm Ternary

Cayuvava                        ( [* .] .)  trochaic                        trochaic (=dactylus)

Sentani                           (.[*  .] )  iambic              trochaic   (=amphibrachus)

4.3.4 FORMAL ANALYSIS continued: degenerate feet and subminimal words

DEGENERATE FEET 

Y          there are incomplete feet (i.e. monosyllabic or monomoraic) to express

non-primary stresses at left-over syllables at the edge of a word

cf. Maranunggu

N        there are no incomplete feet (i.e. monosyllabic or monomoraic), i.e. there are

           no non-primary stresses at left-over syllables at the edge of a word

cf. Warao

Since in this stress database, stress and rhythm are separated, degenerate feet =Yes covers rhythmic properties only. This field does not provide any information about the occurrence of monosyllabic words. This is specified in a separate field Subminimal Words. The settings of these two fields are determined independently.

SUBMINIMAL WORDS

Y          there are subminimal words

cf. Araucanian, Maranunggu

N         there are no subminimal words

cf. Cayuga, Maithili

In quantity-sensitive systems, subminimal words are monomoraic, i.e. light syllables; in quantity‑insensitive systems subminimal words are monosyllables, irrespective of their content. Specific information about monosylla­bles, i.e. whether they are stressed or not, can be found somewhere else in the record, most likely in source quotation or remarks.

4.4 Basic syllable types 

TEMPLATE                          

Specification of the types of syllables that occur in the system, e.g. CV, CVC etc.

OBLIGATORY ONSETS    

Y            onsets are obligatory

N            onsets are not obligatory

BRANCHING ONSETS    

Y              branching onsets are allowed

N            branching onsets are not allowed

LONG VOWELS                  

Y            long vowels are present underlyingly

N            long vowels are not present underlyingly

CLOSED SYLLABLES

Y            there are closed syllables

N            there are no closed syllables

GEMINATES

Y            there are geminates

N             there are no geminates 

CODA RESTRICTIONS

Specification of coda restriction if any. If not: -

HEAVY FOR STRESS

Indication of what counts as heavy with respect to main stress in the

system: syllable or segment types (possibly in the form of a scale) (i.e. syllable

-quantity or syllable-prominence), diacritically marked syllables or rhythmically strong

positions (see also chapter 5, section 5.1.3. and 5.3)

HEAVY FOR RHYTHM

Indication of what counts as heavy with respect to non-primary stress(es) in the system: syllable or segment types that are heavy for rhythm, i.e. syllable- quantity

4.5 Repair strategies

REPAIR

This field specifies under which conditions Stress Repair and/or Rhythm Repair occur. With respect to so-called 'broken-window' systems, containing the connective % in their Stress Type and with Stress Repair set on Y, this fields specifies whether shift outside the two-syllable stress window, containing (l l), takes place always or only if the target syllable is heavy, see the use of the connective % (cf. section 4.2.2.5. and, chapter 5, section 5.3.1.).

 With respect to so-called 'ternary' systems, for which Rhythm Repair is set on Y, this field specifies under which circumstances unparsed syllables are grouped into a foot after all or under which circumstances reparsing occurs (see also chapter 5, section 5.4.).

4.6 Exceptional patterns

EXCEPTIONAL PATTERN

Description of the exceptional stress patterns that have to be specified in the lexicon.

EXAMPLE PATTERNS

Examples of exceptional stress patterns. Examples are glossed and are represented with IPA phonetic symbols in the LaserIPA TM version (see Appendix E). Sounds for which this IPA set gives no symbol may be represented by any standard typographic symbol not otherwise used in the description.

EXCEPTION SOURCE

EXAMPLE PROCESSES

Examples of the processes stated above. Examples are glossed and are represented with IPA phonetic symbols in the LaserIPA TM version (see Appendix E). Sounds for which this IPA set gives no symbol may be represented by any standard typographic symbol not otherwise used in the description.

4.8 Remarks

REMARKS

This field can contain any (additional) information relevant with respect to the system, especially if certain choices have been made to fit a more or less problematic system into the format of the database.

It contains information about the (un)stressedness of monosyllables if subminimal words occur in the language. 

It can specify the relation between metrical structure and tone or pitch assignment if the Stress Type contains an indication for Tone or Pitch.

And, finally, it states explicitly that all stresses are perceived as equally prominent if the Stress Type contains NMS between parentheses.

4.9 Morphology and stress

In these entries information about the role of morphology is stored, i.e. the behaviour of prefixes and suffixes, clitics, the stress patterns of compounds, etcetera. This part of the stress database is in a very preliminary state. Record fields are incorporated but only in a few cases information has been stored.